Please finish The Office of Mercy (There will be an in-class writing assignment on the novel next week.)
Your assignment, due Sunday May 1 by midnight, is to post your first draft of your research essay. You should follow the guidelines we reviewed in class:
The Questions, The Structure
Define the issue
Who benefits? What are the benefits?
Who is harmed? What are the dangers?
Your concerns and recommendations.
Your first draft should have two sources (minimum). You should include one quotation (or paraphrase) from each source. A good plan would be to include one source that describes benefits and one that describes dangers.
The sources should be correctly documented (author and if no author, title, in parentheses after quote or paraphrase). Keep all the information about the source (author title place of publication, publisher and date; journals need volumes and pages)--we will do this together in class.
The most important thing about this draft is that you have a clear definition of the issue in your first paragraph followed by a discussion of the benefits and dangers and concluding with your position.
We will read and critique these drafts in class Monday May 2. This blog will be graded so don't forget to do it!
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ReplyDeleteRaynald Richard
ReplyDeleteMany athletes and bodybuilders have been caught using supplements to enhance their skill or talent in what they do. Supplements better known as steroids benefits athletes who uses it and make unfair advantages. Steroids also has many negative effects to a person who uses it. So the main question is what are the benefits and the negative effect steroids have on athletes?
Steroids exposes athletes and bodybuilders to many dangers. In the article,"Performance-enhancing drugs:Know the risks", speaks on the negative changes that steroid users face. Men develop a loss of hair, larger breast, and shrunken testicles. Women develop a deeper voice, also a loss of hair, and enlarged clitoris. Both men and women face mood swings where they are face depression at one moment and the next moment they have acts of rage or aggressive behaviors. This article also discuss the health risks of athletes and bodybuilders. Some of the health risk they face are high blood pressure, restraint of growing and developing, and heart problems. If the use of steroids include injecting the drug with a needle, there is a higher risk of being infected with HIV.
Despite all of the negative effects on steroids, there seems to be quite a few positive effects. Article "Positive Effects of Steroids" by Mack Lemouse speaks on the brighter part of the enhanced supplement. Things like an increase in muscle mass, fat loss, endurance can be positive. Steroids helps improve physical performance in any sport activities athletes participate in. Apparently, steroids can be used to prevent swelling in any organs. Lemouse also speaks on the masculine traits that comes along the use of steroids. There will be a growth of facial hair and a deeper voice. Most males prefer these traits so they won't be an "embarrassment and experience social withdrawal".
In my opinion, steroids should continue to be banned from sports. Not only it should be banned from sports, it should continue to be illegal in society. This drug causes many negative health effects that can lead people to an early death.
It took me a long time to understand why my great grandmother would wander the streets at times not knowing who or what anything is or who we are. When the doctors finally made my parents aware that my great grandmother had developed Alzheimer disease, we were not sure how to handle this disease. Experiencing seeing someone you love going through these changes can truly be heart broken and change everyone’s life. This is a disease that you really don’t know how the patient will wake up the next morning knowing who she/he is or who you are.
ReplyDeleteAlzheimer's disease is a loss of memory and it can be temporary or permanent depending on how severe the case is. The cause of Alzheimer's disease is currently unknown, but researchers believe that it is one of the following, a slow virus, an auto immune reaction or a biochemical imbalance in the brain. By looking at the brains of Alzheimer patients under the microscope, researchers have found that they have abnormal deposits of a protein called "amyloid. This plaque may also be a cause of Alzheimer's disease; this plaque creates an unbalance of proteins. Studies have shown that this amyloid is neurotoxic (poisons brain cells) and is the reason why the brain deteriorates. It has also been found that amyloid conflicts with normal brain functioning.
There are seven stages of Alzheimer’s Disease: Normal Outward behavior, Very Mild Changes, Mild Decline, Moderate Decline, Moderately Severe decline, Severe Decline and Very Severe Decline. On each step of these stages you start to lose your memory little by little. There are some patients that as the days go by their loss of memory begin to enhance. They could have some good days just as they can have some bad ones as well.
As stated by an article in WEBMD “Alzheimer’s Disease Heath Center & Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease”, the Alzheimer’s Foundation is under way to find new treatments to stop, slow down even prevent Alzheimer’s. New drugs take years to produce from concept to market and because drugs that seem promising in early stages may not work as hoped in large-scale trials, it is critical that Alzheimer’s research continue to accelerate.
Currently there are five FDA approved Alzheimer’s drugs that treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s. The benefits towards these medications are to temporarily help memory and thinking problems in about half of the people who take them. But it is known that these medications do not treat the underlying causes of Alzheimer’s. There are dangers in concerns with being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. According to Scott Baily at the Alzheimer’s Association he states, “The greatest known risk factor is advancing age”. While one of nine people age 65 or older has Alzheimer's, nearly one of three people age 85 or older has the disease. One of the greatest mysteries of Alzheimer's disease is why risk rises so dramatically as we grow older. Another strong risk factor is family history. Those who have a parent, brother, sister or children with Alzheimer’s are more likely to develop the disease. The risk increases if more than one family member has the illness. When diseases tend to run in families, either heredity or environmental factors, or both, may play a role.
Alzheimer’s is an intimidating and threatening disease. Possessing the knowledge that I now have is an advantage in being a preventable measure for me. Being that this disease is genetic, my chances of having it are increased. Knowing all of this information about it will help me in the future to be able to detect it early so I can take the proper course of action that will delay the progression of this disease for me. If tragedy ever should strike, by then, hopefully, more curable treatments will exist.
Purposes of animal cloning.
ReplyDeleteCloning is a biological process of producing genetically identical species. Though this procedure is not studied enough yet, the market for cloned animals is rapidly growing. There are millions of pets in the USA and people spend billions of dollars on them. A few companies have offered pets' DNA banking and "hundreds of people have already signed up" (Boyce and Hobson). But is it worth to clone your pet or not?
This procedure is not as simple as it might seem at first sight. Gus Thornton in his article "Double Trouble" speaks about dangers of animal cloning. He points out that scientists are still working on this process to make it more efficient, which requires many animals to "suffer abnormalities that soon kill them or cause them live in pain" (Thornton). Besides clones' health risks and "shortened life span" (Boyce and Hodson), scientists do not guarantee a completely identical pet. There are lots of "random factors like womb environment affect fur color" or some other factors, like accidents, previous owners, which shape the personality and behavior of an animal. So, people who have decided to clone their beloved pet should realize that it won't be the same animal though it is a “genetically identical" (Boyce and Hodson) to the original one. "Genetics does influence personality, although exactly how much isn't known" (Boyce and Hodson). If people "order" a clone without knowing these details, later it can create big problems to the cloning companies. Customers might be very upset and not satisfied with the results and return their new pets back. And we can only guess the future destiny of these returned clones.
Pet cloning also raises another ethical issue. While many "cats and dogs die for lack of homes" (Boyce and Hodson), people spend a lot of money buying luxurious pets and when they get bored of them, they put them in shelters, throw out of the house or even kill them. Pet breeders also get rid of animals who don't fit their customers' demands. So, what is the point of "genetically duplicating a pet" (Thornton) even without a guarantee of an exact copy, when we have so many animals in the shelters and streets seeking for our love and care for free.
Another problem which was revealed in the article "Pets of the Future" of Nell Boyce and Katherine Hodson is that animals with unusual and unnatural traits are in demand now. People will be able to design their pets themselves, choosing unimaginable features. So there is a possibility that in the future there will be a company which can start to make them and it "will turn them [cloned pets] into mere objects like a TV" (Boyce and Hodson).
ReplyDeleteBut in some cases animal cloning can be beneficial for us as well. It can "help save threatened species" (Boyce and Hodson) or to bring some animal back, which do not exist anymore. Though all attempts of scientists in this field are unsuccessful today, but in the future it can be possible. "Cloning might also produce ideal dogs for police work or helping the disabled" (Boyce and Hodson), as well as cloning only those animals, who have "right temperament" (Boyce and Hodson) for that. Moreover, scientists can use genetic selection in cloning process to delete the genes responsible for diseases or even to create "allergen-free cat".
So, all new technologies, including animal cloning have both, benefits and dangers for the society. I have two cats, whom I do love and I realize that in general humans live longer than their pets, loss of which can really hurt. But though I would like my cats to have longer lives I believe I won't choose the cloning. All pets are unique, they have their own personality, habits, behavior. Cloning is just a copying, which won't be exact. So I would rather adopt another animal to give a chance to a "God creature" to have a better life instead of helping cloning companies to make money on someone's grief.
This industry can change our ideas about life and having animals, like thinking that pets can be replaceable. We have to appreciate what we have now, realizing that we all are not immortal and take care of our already existing natural born animals, who need our attention, help and protection. If people cared enough, may be there would not be any necessity to bring some extinct animals back?
Media and Its Danger on Teenager
ReplyDeleteHave you ever imaged what will happen if the world lacks of Internet and technologies? It would be a nightmare for me and for most of people in the world. Social media has changed rapidly and has many benefits that improve and play an important role in our lives. However, everything has both good and bad sides, and social media is the same. Depending on how much we take in or how we control it, social media will become useful or harmful. Haugen, David in his article, “Depression” talks about a lot of different sources of media, such as televisions, video games, but Internet have become a big part on most of children’s daily life. Nowadays, large percentage of people is using smartphones and those people becoming addicted to social media. The rising use of media has led to negative and positive influences on the youngest generation for many reasons. I want to talk about the negative and positive effect of smartphones on teenagers.
First let's talk about negative side of media, I personally believe Smartphone addiction is a major problem that needs to be addressed. Do you reach for your smartphone first thing in the morning? Do you check your smartphone last thing at night? Do you take your smartphone to the bathroom with you? The answer is yes. Nowadays, it is easy to see people sitting around each other but only staring at their cell phones without any conversation. The conversation between me and my family or friends decreases when we are using cell phones. Many people take their phones everywhere like classrooms, the workplace, restaurants and bathrooms. Undoubtedly, we always have to be prepared for emergency contacts or important messages, but there are too many unnecessary uses. Smartphones made life very convenient, but at the same time, it is destroying human interaction. For example last week I had an issue with my boss at work because of my cellphone. I spent more time checking my emails then actually working. Same most of teenagers are often spend more time checking their social media accounts then spending their time to do home works. Smartphones make them to be lazy. They stay up late at night to check their emails, for example, or must wake up early to check it in the morning. Staying up late is one characteristic of those who overuse social networking sites, according to some studies. Instead of chatting with friends they could have used this time for something more useful such as reading a book, doing some physical exercise or developing a new hobby. The social media can be become a massive distraction and time waster. I am not referring to those who use social networking for useful purposes. The social networking sites can take a person out of physical reality and into a fake world.
Second, I want to also talk about some of the benefits of media. Even though I feel as if there's not too many benefits. According to article “Smartphones and Teenagers, Treat and Opportunity” the author mentions that, “Smartphones are available anytime and anywhere, people carry it with them all day”. Students can use their cellphones as a dictionary. It helps especially immigrants who are trying to learn new language. For example, learning letters of the alphabets through programs such as play letters, play school developing problem solving and critical thinking skills by playing computer games, joining online clubs which teach them how to communicate with each other and decreases their confidence. And also we need social media sites to stay in touch with our family and friends. Teenagers feel connected to others by using social media. For example for me Skype is the helpful social media tool to use and communicate with my family. I can send free messages, make video and phone calls. This is an excellent way to keep contact, and allows you to send a quick message if you’re busy. On the other hand, you can make a phone call to anyone around the world for no cost at all.
ReplyDeleteIn conclusion, people have different opinion regarding the Smartphone addiction. Many people think Smartphone addiction is a problem where as many think it’s not a big deal. I personally believe Smartphone addiction is a major problem that needs to be addressed. Social media networking may cause a number of problems with children. For example it makes them to be lazy in school or college and makes them anti-social. In other hand, they can learn a lot of thing from media. So I do not want to say smartphones are bad for teenagers but I believe that there should be a limit to social media.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6402203&isnumber=6402022
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1 online resource (xii, 266 pages) : illustrations https://libsearch.cuny.edu/F/4FDKJ79TH3MQB1MXUAY77ERRKG4MAY9PY6DMA7MQ3GDU8DAPFC-13851?func=service&doc_number=008006143&line_number=0019&service_type=TAG
Mosquito born disease can greatly impact a targeted area. Some of these diseases include Malaria, Yellow Fever, West Nile Virus, and Dengue. Most vulnerable to these diseases are developing nations. In cases like this, prevention of contracting a disease is the best possible solution. This can be accomplished with the use of genetically modified mosquitoes.
ReplyDelete“Prevention is the preferred method for reducing impact of disease because treatments may not be available due to cost, people may not have access to health care facilities, diseases can still cause negative health effects/suffering even after being treated effectively” (Resnik 37/38). “Preventative measures such as the use of mosquito bed nets, protective clothing, and insect repellants; elimination of breeding grounds for mosquitoes; development and administration of vaccines against mosquito-borne diseases; and spraying of pesticides to reduce mosquito populations are not 100% effective, use of pesticides can also poses risk to human health and environment (Resnik 38). This is why genetically modified mosquitos are good candidates for use in the attempt of complete prevention of diseases.
The use of genetically modified mosquitoes comes along with several negatives. To modify and/or release the new mosquito species provides potential for environmental risks because they can negatively affect ecosystems and disrupt food chains. This was a concern raised by people after a release of genetically modified mosquitoes was planned to occur in in Key West, Florida. They believed that “drastically reducing Aedes mosquitoes in the area could lead to a decline in bats, which feed on the mosquitoes” (Resnik 38). Also, “GMMs can spread in an uncontrolled way beyond their release sites and will mate with other mosquito species to produce hybrids with unknown consequences” (Okorie, Marshall, Akpa, Ademowo 3). This is why it is best to conduct field trials with the GMM’s in isolated, carefully monitored areas.
The use and release of modified mosquitoes can cause potential public backlash. People may also have religious or philosophical objections to all forms of genetically engineered life” (Resnik 38). It is also difficult to guarantee that all members of a community will agree to a field trial of GM mosquitos. Field trials of these mosquitos can impact large amounts of people and neighboring communities who never gave consent to be part of the release or study. This can be prevented if “appropriate measures are taken towards community engagement and regulatory oversight” (Resnik 38).
Genetically modified mosquitos are a recent phenomenon made possible by modern science. Their first release into the wild occurred only in the last decade. This decision has raised many ethical questions and concerns. There is still much to learn about the benefits and repercussions of this technology.
Carbon neutral
ReplyDeleteWe experience climate change as we get the hot weather when we aren't suppose to get one and vise-versa. People complained about it but never went beyond that; so many people don't know what carbon neutral is? Carbon neutral is balancing Carbon dioxide with carbon sink. For example when you buy a car, plant a tree; it is carbon neutral as the greenhouse gas emitted by the car is absorbed by the tree that you have planted or buying a Carbon free car. Instead of throwing plastics, recycle it.
Global warming caused by carbon dioxide freely roaming in the atmosphere acting as a blanket to the earth is one of the dangers of not taking into consideration of being carbon neutral. “CO2 survives in the atmosphere for a long time—up to many centuries—so its heat-trapping effects are compounded over time. Of the many heat-trapping gases, CO2 puts us at the greatest risk of irreversible changes if it continues to accumulate unabated in the atmosphere—as it is likely to do if the global economy remains dependent on fossil fuels for its energy needs. To put this in perspective, the carbon we put in the atmosphere today will literally determine not only our climate future but that of future generations as well ( climate hot map, http://www.climatehotmap.org/about/global-warming-causes.html ).” When carbon dioxide causes global warming, climate change lines up which helps in spreading air-bone disease. Followed by increase of sea level and so on.
“Good or bad, it's taken a couple of hundred years of industrial revolution to make the world what it is today and we can't switch from being energy-hungry to being clean-and-green overnight, no matter how serious global warming may seem (Chris woodford-http://www.explainthatstuff.com/carbon-offsets.html).” At least some of us has already started taking initiatives like they actually hope to make the earth like it was centuries back. Going carbon neutral means choosing not to be victims of our actions anymore. It means getting fresh air and direct sunlight. It means experiencing the proper climate. Farmers being able to grow quality goods.
It sure will take many hundreds of years to go green, if it took couple of years to make it go polluted but, what matters is that we starting taking initiatives and started working towards being green and going carbon neutral. Planing trees every year at least equal to the numbers of cars sold, stop from burning plastics and using more recyclable carry bags and so on. We people have choice to make right now, not any later than this and not earlier than this but RIGHT NOW! Hands on hands and let's work towards going carbon neutral.
When you hear the word Robot you might think of a machine who is told what to do and doesn’t have any thoughts or emotions. But what if that was all about to change ? What if Robots were able to have a consciousness just like humans and be able to learn and grow from their mistakes ? A popular television show called “HUMANS” where there is a Robot called a Synth that is a servant and very similar to humans in more ways than you think . And if that isn't enough Selmor Bringsjord , a Professor of cognitive science, has already ran the test of the first robot to pass a self awareness test ! I will use both Humans and Bringsjord’s arguments on artificial intelligence to determine the pros and cons on robots being self aware.
ReplyDeleteA self aware robot really doesn't benefit anyone but the Robot itself. The robot is able to feel, think , and experience everything that a human can . In the television show “HUMANS” a Synth is created to be self aware and conscious. She has her own emotions and can make decisions that benefit her. When people in the government find out instead of embracing this miracle , they are terrified. The only thing they want to do is destroy this Synth because of all the power she has.
Selmor Bringsjord has actually ran the test of the first robot to pass a self awareness test. Bringsjord told each of the three robots that two of them were giving a pill that stopped them from speaking . “All of them were asked “which pill did you receive?” but as two of them were mute, only one was able to answer, saying: “I don’t know.” It then works out that, as it can talk, it must not have been given the pill, so it changes its answer to: “Sorry, I know now. I was able to prove that I was not given a dumbing pill”(Bringsjord).
Humans are always going to have a fear of robots. They are smarter, faster and more efficient than any human and to add consciousness would be like creating a bionic human. Could a self aware robot decide that humans aren't fit for the world and try to destroy them like most movies portray ? Or would it just want to live a normal life with feelings and emotions like everyone else?
Is consuming GMO safe?
ReplyDeleteI think GMO is a hot topic these days. Did you know the U.S has no laws requiring labeling? Unlike most other developed countries such as Russia, France, Japan, Brazil, and the list goes on. I think consumers have a right to know what they are eating. If the GMO is safe as the government regulations say, then why there is a problem to label it. I prefer to eat real food over the GMO. It tastes better, it doesn't last long like the GMO does. It's not right to nourished our body with genetically engineered foods, nature gave us everything we needed to survive. I see how GMO's consumers face more health problems in their future due to toxins that are injected and sprayed on GMO.
Andy Rees explains more the risks of consuming genetically modified foods (GMO's) in her book "Genetically Modified Food: A Short Guide for the Confused". We need to be aware of GM crop biotechnology industry (Monsanto). All GMO's farm professionals use special uniform with goggles, mask and gloves. This clearly is not the right way to care for the foods that we should be eating. How bad this must be for the environment, animals, the whole eco-system. Then harming the health of most organic farmers while breathing in these heavy toxins. So what does it say of the safety of producing these kind of foods? "As a result it's not surprising to find that there have now been numerous laboratory studies showing potential health-damaging effects from the consumption of GM foods, which have been systematically denied"(45).
According to Canadian writer Ferrie Helke in his article "Evidence grows of harmful effects of GMOs on human health" points out on the dangers of eating GMO. He believes that people must have their food choices especially now as there is a growing evidence of GMOs' harmful effects on human health. "These evidences include a research which found 93 percent of fetuses and their mothers contaminated with GMO-related toxins". Its very important for everyone to know the list of GMO Foods. It includes: corn, soy, Hawaiian papaya, canola oil, summer squash. I would avoid them all and buy only organic corn, summer squash and non Hawaiian papaya. Organic foods have less pesticides and herbicides.
I always share this list with my clients. Its called "Dirty Dozen" but the list it's growing every year, buy organic as well. My source comes from an "Environmental Working Group" (an organization of scientists, researchers and policymakers), certain types of organic foods can reduce the amount of toxins we consume on a daily basis by as much as 80 percent. The list includes: strawberries, apples, nectarines, peaches, grapes, cherries, celery, spinach, tomatoes, potatoes, sweet bell peppers, cucumber. The list is always growing the new addition are hot peppers, kale and collared greens.
I truly believe GMO's should be destroyed and there is zero benefit to continue with these toxins to be even called foods. It's alarming how many new studies point out the health risks, of consuming GMO's. The first thing holistic cancer clinics suggest their patients to start eating organic foods to detox their bodies from the heavy toxins that they had no business to be part of their lives from the beginning.
A just world where science and technology really can be appreciated through associations of medical means. Wow! What a world to live in today, where scientifically genetically enhanced things and technological alternatives to natural creations exist. At this rate we'll be able to cure incurable diseases and help people with different physical handicaps in no time. We humans have already started exploring the journey of bionic athletes and have came a long way to improving people's attitudes towards it. Bionic athletes are people with physical disabilities who use special means such as prosthetic limbs to compete with one another. A good example would be a very successful Markus Rehm who is an amputee jumper who jumped further than anyone he was competing against in Germany with one prosthetic leg who won the regionals in Germany and was nominated to go compete in nationals and maybe even the Olympics (Amputee long jumper Markus Rehm’s Olympic hopes boosted by Glasgow win).
ReplyDeleteI remember learning how life was 100 years ago and how religious advocates couldn't even accept the thought of synthesized prosthetic limbs, but if we stuck to such a close-minded thinking scientist would have never advanced as much, or have had any medical or technological breakthroughs that the disabled were in dire need for. What an ignorant superstition 100 or more years ago. Even the thought that this was not the natural god-willing way, disgusts me, that if god wanted that person to play basketball or any other sport for that matter would have blessed him with a full working physical body and the talent to go with it. But in today’s world and the coming future, where we strive for excellence and go after things rather than wait for it to come to us, it really seems as a blessing for the unfortunate people who have disadvantages to be able to compete at an equal level of athleticism. many people once couldn't even dream of walking without crutches or even to eat on their own because of a missing thumb or nerve damage to the hands, Now have the ability to take charge, become dependent and furthermore take it to new heights by competing in sports and becoming full-fledged athletes, something that always seemed so impossible and hopeless under these circumstances.
So as you can see some of the benefits such as opening minds of the few and introducing them to new horizons, there are many more, such as giving hope to the disadvantaged and advancing in technology at a rapid rate because of the high demands from these disabled human beings. Just like every equation there’s always two sides, like dark to light or good to bad. So now I want to also talk to you about some of the hypothetical dangers that people think exist which make inevitable advancing stagnant. Even though I feel as if there’s not too many perils, according to Barry D. Brause, MD, he talks about having painful surgeries and processes to go through with having a mediocre success rate in the early stages as well as some risks to infections. These surgeries are massively painful and to go through physical therapy after, is just as vigorous and excruciating. Speaking as an athlete, if the upcoming bionic athlete doesn't succeed there’s a higher chance of them going into a deeper state of depression. So you see that one of the dangers may outweigh many of the benefits to some people. Also, the dangers of emotional trauma or physiological mental depression is really common but really hard to accept. Being handicap or different from the normal healthy human being has taken a heavy toll from the beginning on these less fortunate people and has pushed them toward committing suicide by the sense of hopelessness and fear. These people felt embarrassed already by their weakness' and having them in the middle of the so-called "freak show" never helps. Sometimes giving them the prosthetic features and pushing them to go further than normal without any support from friends or family members can put a lot of pressure on them which results in feeling a sense of failure which they tend to start abusing medical and recreational drugs.
ReplyDeleteI believe that these benefits of prosthetic limbs have surpassed people’s expectations. Handicap people who need help can become dependent and normally functioning on their way to becoming successful bionic athletes. Just imagine the change in their attitudes from negative to positive if someone told them they would be able to walk again let alone play sports. Their motivation, their charisma, their emotions toward people and the world would be more optimistic. A dream in which I am totally for and support to make people with disadvantages into overachievers, bionic athletes. TED blogs, says about bionic athletes "that the prosthetic-enhanced athlete will be able to run faster, jump higher and pitch harder than mere mortals." and that’s why according to Jason Dorrier, in 2016 bionic athletes will be able to have their first very own cybathlon. All this stuff I hear make me happy that we are moving in the right direction and helping them and not rejecting them for their imperfections. Biomechanics is similar to Paro the seal in comparison to an older person with Alzheimer who needs physical and emotional help. Same thing for bionic athletes with their prosthetics. Both humans get a feel of happiness and satisfaction, a touch of normality and a sense of being healthy.
Work Cited
• Amputee long jumper Markus Rehm’s Olympic hopes boosted by Glasgow win. Sean Ingles http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/feb/21/olympic-long-jump-paralympic-glasgow-markus-rehm. 2014. Web.
• Prevention of Infections in Total Joint Replacements (Arthroplasty) interviews with experts. Barrt D, Brause, MD 2009. Web
• Bionic athletes and the future of sports. Dean Kamen 2007. Web
• Limbs, and Brain-Control Devices to Compete in 2016 Cybathlon. Jason Dorrier. Aug 23, 2014. Web
• The case against perfection: Ethics in the age of genetic engineering. Micheal J. Sandel. First Harvard University press. 2007. print